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NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center. J Appl Meteorol 38:726–740īrown RD, Brasnett B (2010) Canadian Meteorological Centre (CMC) daily snow depth analysis data, Version 1. Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC), Greenbeltīrasnett B (1999) A global analysis of snow depth for numerical weather prediction. The possible deviations in surface energy and SWE over the TP, caused by plane-parallel assumption in most climate models may result in biases in the liquid runoff and the river water resources over the TP and downstream.īeaudoing H, Rodell M, NASA/GSFC/HSL (2016) GLDAS Noah Land Surface Model L4 monthly 0.25 × 0.25 degree V2.1. The total liquid runoff at 3.5–4.5 km elevation increases in April due to earlier (March) snowmelt caused by increased downward solar radiation. Negative deviations in precipitation are found throughout the year, except in May and December, and they follow the seasonal variations in the deviations in total cloud fraction. The SWE is reduced by 1–17 mm over the TP in April, with the largest decrease in SWE at an elevation of 3.5–4.5 km. The SWE decreases due to the 3-D mountain effect in spring and the magnitude of this effect depends on the terrain elevations. The deviations in total cloud fraction and snow water equivalent (SWE) exhibit patterns opposite to that of FSNS.
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Positive deviations in FSNS in January are found over the south slopes of mountains and over mountain tops, where more solar flux is intercepted. In January (winter), the net surface solar flux (FSNS) displays negative deviations over valleys and the north slopes of mountains, especially in the northern margin of the TP, as a result of the 3-D shadow effect. We examine the differences between the results from CCSM4 with the 3-D RT parameterization and the results from CCSM4 with the plane-parallel RT scheme. The long-term effects of complex terrain on solar energy distributions and surface hydrology over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) are investigated using the 4th version of the global Community Climate System Model (CCSM4) coupled with a 3-D radiative transfer (RT) parameterization.